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Massagetae and Alans

The Massagetae Become the Alani:

Dating the Name Change

In my article «The Geography of Orosius» (2008), I briefly mentioned the name change from Massagetae to Alani which took place at the beginning of the Christian era, to which several ancient authors are witnesses. Historians of the Later Empire routinely mention this event, without providing either chronology or context. Our earliest dated source seems to be Chinese; the Wei lio informs us concerning «le royaume de Yen-ts'ai qu'on appelle aussi A-lan; ils ont tous les mêmes moeurs que le K'ang-kiu [Sogdiane]; à l'Ouest, ils touchent au Ta-ts'in [Rome] (Chavannes, tr). Date: between AD 125-150 (...).

Greek and Roman sources contemporary with the Wei lio confirm the name change. Cassius Dio writing before AD 220 reports: «A second war was begun by the Alani (they are Massagetae) at the instigation of Pharasmanes [king of Georgia]. It caused dire injury to the Albanian territory and Media, and then involved Armenia and Cappadocia; after which, as the Alani were not only persuaded by gifts from Vologaesus but also stood in dread of Flavius Arrianus, the governor of Cappadocia, it came to a stop» (Cary's tr 69,15,1). The Albanians lived in the Caucasus, in modern Daghestan, while the Alans dwelled along the Don river, close to the Crimea; but their histories overlap and their similar names are occasionally confused in the manuscript tradition. However we are on safe ground with Cassius: he clearly differentiates the ones from the others.

Arrian of Nicomedia [90-145], who is himself an important source on the Alani, was legate of Cappadocia from 131 to 137. He was a contemporary of the Wei lio. So was Dionysius Periegetes, also a witness for the Alans, who composed his geographic poem under Hadrian [117-138]. A classic historian of geography wrote of Dionysius: «Among [the Scythian tribes] the Alani deserve special notice, as being the first definite mention of a people destined before long to play so important a part among those that contributed to the downfall of the Roman Empire» (Bunbury 2:486). Here is Dionysius in Bernhardy's Latin translation: «Ei ad septemtriones diffusae habitant gentes admodum multae perpetuo tractu Maeotidis paludis ostio Tanais, Germani, Sarmatae, simulque Getae, Bastarnae, Dacorum que immensa terra, et bellicosi Alani, atque Tauri...» (verses 302-306).

Bunbury, however, describes this notice as being the first definite report on the Alans. Perhaps he means the first geographer. He overlooked references to the Alans in the course of the previous century. I now propose to review these sources and narrow down the time slot for the name change -- apparently some time under the Flavian dynasty, probably under Vespasian [69-79].

We will look at five authors: Lucan [39-65], Pliny [died AD 79] Valerius Flaccus [died ca AD 90], and Flavius Josephus [...], Suetonius [...], all contemporary. Valerius and Josephus both started to write under Vespasian, but the dates of the final editions or versions of their works are uncertain: shortly before AD 100 -- after the death of the censorious Domitian. Both writers mention the Alani in a context which points to Vespasian's foreign policy in the Caucasus and Scythia.

While the works of Josephus and Valerius bear an uncertain date, and the years of their deaths are unrecorded, Pliny the Elder is famously known to have perished during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius: AD 79. He was born in either AD 23 or 24; we cannot establish how early he entered the Alans into his description of the nations of Scythia; but we know that it had to be before 79.

Describing the lands starting east from the mouths of the Danube, Pliny lists the following peoples: «Ab eo in plenum quidem omnes Scytharum sunt gentes: variae tamen littori apposita tenuere, alias Getae, Daci Romanis dicti: alias Sarmatae, Graecis Sauromatae, eorumque Hamaxobii, aut Aorsi: alias Scytae degeneres et a servis orti, aut Troglodytae; mox Alani, et Rhoxalani» (Historia naturalis 6,25,1). In Pliny, the Alans are one of many nations of the steppe without any indication of recent changes; let us note, however, that the Massagetae do not appear on this list.

When Valerius Flaccus composed his Argonautica, the story of Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece was already at least 500 years old and had inspired several poets. Valerius' interest in this Caucasian adventure may have been stimulated by Vespasian's Oriental policy but he also knew the ancient tradition well and he worked closely within it. On several occasions, he mentions both Albani and Alani, without confusing the ones with the others. Medea is engaged to be married to the Albanian ruler, while other peoples have their own leader who is not Medea's fiancé: «The fiery Alani and fierce Heniochi had Anausis...» (6,42, Mozley's tr).

Valerius' description of the Alani, their weapons, their lifestyle.

There are two problems with Valerius' evidence on the Alani: the date of the Argonautica itself, and the date of its content. The Proem is addressed to Vespasian. «La datation du proème des Argonautiques et de l'oeuvre elle-même a fait couler beaucoup d'encre» (Liberman xviii). As a working hypothesis, it would seem that Valerius began his epic poem under Vespasian, and continued to write under his sons; he died under Domitian, without having finished it. This provides us with a Flavian date for the Alani -- assuming that Valerius took the name from contemporary events, and not some earlier version of the Argonautica, lost to us.

Our next witness is not a poet but a historian. Flavius Josephus [AD 35 - before 100] is best known for his Jewish War and his Antiquities of the Jews but he is also an important source for the general history of the Roman Empire, especially the Eastern provinces, and Rome's foreign policy in the East. Josephus is possibly the earliest author who mentions unambiguously the name of the Scythian Alani as he describes events dated to the reign of Vespasian [69-79]. «The Alani -- a race of Scythians, as we have somewhere remarked, inhabiting the banks of the river Tanais and the Lake Maeotis -- contemplating at this period incursions into Media and beyond...» (Jewish War 7:244, Loeb translation). Josephus does not mention the name change but the care he -- or his source -- takes in locating these Alani indicates that he expects his readers to be perhaps unfamiliar with them.

BJ dated to 75-79, but there is a possibility that he prepared a second edition during the '90's.

The reference is unambiguous because of the geographical setting: he cannot possibly be referring to the Caucasian Albanians who also make an appearance in his works: «the kings of both the Iberians and of the Albanians [...] did bring in the Alani against Artabanes by allowing them free transit through their own territory after throwing open the Caspian Gates» (Jewish Antiquities 18:97, in the Loeb translation).

Josephus knew both of these peoples, one in Scythia, the other in the Caucasus, and he did not confuse one with the other. But how recent was the appearance of the name Alani in his days? We will look at his contemporary, Lucan, for clues.

The Spanish born Lucan was a favourite of Nero but when the artistic emperor became jealous of his subject's talents -- so we are told -- Lucan joined Piso's conspiracy. Condemned to death for sedition in 65, he took his own life. He was not quite 26 years old. He left behind an unfinished epic poem, known to posterity variously as Bellum civile or Pharsalia, which his young widow Polla Argentaria preserved and published after the death of Nero. Lucan mentions the Alani twice:

si uos, o Parthi, peterem cum Caspia claustra

et sequerer duros aeterni Martis Alanos,

passus Achaemeniis late decurrere campis

(8:222-224)

[...] quem non violasset Alanus,

non Scytha, non fixo qui ludit in hospite Maurus

(10:454-455).

Susanna Braund offers this free verse translation based on the editions by Housman and Shackleton Bailey:

Do this if, when I headed for the Caspian Gates and chased

the hardy ever-warring Alani, I ever let you freely

race across the Achaemenid plains and never drove you

trembling into Babylon's safety, O Parthians (8:222, page 159).

The man whom the Alan would not have outraged

nor the Scythian nor the Moor who ridicules the wounded stranger (10:454-455, page 219).

The Alani mentioned in these two passages from Lucan apparently dwell in the Caucasus, neighbours of the Parthians. They are specifically not Scythians: in the second passage, Lucan lists the Northern Scythian, then the Southern Moor -- so that we expect his third example, the Alan, to be an Easterner. The Caucasian Albani would fit the context; the name Alan does not meet here the requirements of symetry which ruled ancient literature (Nisbet ...)

Did Lucan mean here, like Cassius Dio, the Alani who are the Massagetae? Not probable: he does refer to the Massagetae as a transdanubian people. «Massageten Scythicus non adliget Ister» (2,50). «Longaque Sarmatici solvens ieiunia belli // Massagetes quo fugit equo» (3,281-283). The first passage is very specific concerning the geography of the Massagetae; the second refers to wars with the Sarmatians who were Danubian neighbours of the Romans. On the other hand, in the invocation by Pompey, a Caucasian environment is indicated.

In the first passage, Lucan's Alani are associated with the Caspian Gates. We know from many authors and we have just seen in Josephus that the Caspian Gates lay somewhere in the territory of either the Albani (modern Daghestan) or the Iberians (Georgians), or perhaps on the confines of both. The Caspian Gates were a favourite point of entry for Scythian bands raiding the Parthian empire, Syria, Cappadocia; therefore the words Caspia claustra evokes the name Alani, not because they lived there, but because they crossed it on their marauding expeditions.

But are we reading Lucan correctly? Standard editions all have Caspia claustra but some manuscripts have Caspia regna. The word claustra has been accepted unquestioningly by editors; if regna should turn to be the correct reading, then Caspia regna could only apply to the Albani, not to the Alani.

Before returning to the Alani/Albani issue, let us consider more closely claustra/regna. While editors agree on Alani (as opposed to Albani), they seem to flounder over Caspia claustra. According to his apparatus, Cornelis Francken found the following variants:

porti a correction in the Montepessulanus

regna in the Ashburnhamensis, Bernensis and Taurnensis, with a correction in the Montepessulanus and the Gemblacensis

claustra: a correction in the Ashburnhamsensis.

We might assume that the remaining manuscripts (E, K D, etc) have the reading claustra -- except that Francken relies primarily on A, B, T and G, or so he says. According to Genthe, who collated it, the Erlangensis has regna, with claustra as a gloss.

That claustra has an ancient history is evident from the commentaries. But this is not proof that Lucan used it. Some early scribe may have been influenced by another very popular author during the middle ages (200 remaining mss) Josephus: «the kings of both the Iberians and of the Albanians [...] did bring in the Alani against Artabanes by allowing them free transit through their own territory after throwing open the Caspian Gates» (18:97 Latin needed from incunabular edition).

Then we have the problem of collations. Francken did not establish his text on the basis of freshly collated manuscripts. He relied on a widespread method which is to use the best edition one can find, then collate or have collated a few more, perhaps better manuscripts, and establish a new text. Francken used the edition by Hosius (with collation of M by Steinhart) and he added new collation (G by Wageningen), E (by Genthe) and developed his text. This method may produce an expeditious edition, but it does not garantee a secure text.

Check history of word regnum. Propose that the original text had Albani and regna but that confusion came later, perhaps already in Late antiquity.

With claustra the text is weak, and Francken felt the need to buttress it in his commentary: «Caspia claustra» Kaspiai pylai Graecis Alanorum (223) haec vetustissima mentio videtur: eos non debellasse Pompeium dicunt veteres intpp. ap. Oud., se ne sequitur quidem a verbis; sequerer i. q. peterem, non attingerem (in his footnote to 8:222). We can dispense with this quibble if we read the phrase -- whether Caspia claustra or Caspia regna -- as standing for the Caucasus as a whole; then we can interpret peterem in its strong sense of gaining control -- which is what Pompey actually achieved in the Caucasus.

Francken's doubts have a long history, including the twelfth century commentator Arnulfus of Orléans: «Caspia claustra: uocat Caspios montes qui claudunt regnum Parthorum sicut Alpes Italiam, Pirenei montes Hispaniam.» (page 403 of Marti's edition). Arnulf -- or his source -- suggests that Lucan means neither the defile of Derbent in Daghestan, nor that of Girdava in Mazanderan but that he uses the phrase Caspia claustra metaphorically to mean the Caucasus itself as a barrier to Parthian expansion. The commentators could be right; but it is also possible that Lucan actually wrote regna not claustra -- literally, not metaphorically -- and that claustra is derived from an intrusive gloss.

Translations often provide built-in commentaries. Here is Robert Graves on this passage: «You will recall that when I marched through the Caspian Gates against the bellicose Alans I left Parthia in peace; your horsemen were free to scour the plains instead of taking refuge behind the walls of Seleucia [Babylon]» (page 179). Like Braund, Graves uses the Housman edition; unlike her he aims at a self-contained, self-explanatory translation; he brings the footnotes into the text (see his introduction).

Graves renders the general sense correctly: the defeated Pompey, seeking refuge after the disaster at Pharsalus, is addressing the Parthians. He reminds them that he left them strictly alone when he subdued the Caucasus; he now expects generosity in return. But in showing Pompey at war against the Alans through the Caspian Gates, Graves places too much reliance on Housman. The Caspian Gates were used by the Alans and other Scyths to invade Parthia, Syria, Cappadocia -- but no Roman general would himself march through this defile against the Alans. To do that he would need first to invade Parthia -- a considerable detour -- which Pompey expressly states he did not do.

I propose the following translation based not on the uncertan manuscript tradition but on the known history of the region: «Parthians, when I subdued the Caucasus and chased the hardy ever-warring Albani, I let you freely race across the Achaemenid plains and never drove you trembling into Babylon's safety. Now do this for me...» Pompey finalized the conquest of the Caucasus (started by Lucullus), including their most warlike nation, the Albani, without entering into conflict with the Parthians. Now they owe him a favour -- so he suggests.

Over a century ago, Haskins suggested that Alani in Lucan 8:222 and 10:454 should be emended to Albani (1887:280). He was neither the first to propose this, nor to be unheeded. We find the same recommendation, more developed, in the edition by Schrevelius with notes by Grotius and Farnaby. The footnote on 8:222, at page 358, reads: «Caspia claustra: Caspiae portae sunt fauces montium Caspiorum inter Medos et Parthos. Sed de aliis furcis ceu faucibus Armeniam versus est intelligendum : cum Pompeius huc non pervenerit. uti nec ad Alanos Scythiae Europaeae pop. sed Albanos potius, qui Caspiis claustris est Parthis viciniores. De his item Plut. in Pomp. et Tacit. Annal. 12.13.15 atque ita legendum apud Suet. in Domitiano cap. 2.» Here is the historical dossier provided by Schrevelius:

Tacitus, Annales. This citation is not helpful for our purpose. Tacitus calls the Massagetae seu Alans by their alternate name of Aorsi, 12,16,1; 12,19,1. Moreover this passage refers not to the Caucasian Mithridates who was hunted by Pompey, but to Mithridates, king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, and a campaign against him under Claudius. «Aquila et Cotys ... envoyèrent une ambassade auprès d'Eunones, qui était à la tête du peuple des Aorses» (12,15,2).

Suetonius. T. Flavius Domitianus. «Néanmoins, Vologèse. le roi des Parthes ayant réclamé des troupes de secours contre les Alains et prié qu'on leur donnât pour chef l'un des fils de Vespasien, [Domitien] mit tout en oeuvre pour leur être envoyé de préférence [à Titus]» (2,2). The political background to this juicy and clearly apocryphal bit of court gossip can be dated from Cassius Dio to AD 75. It refers to the Alans in the days of Vespasian -- not to Pompey's campaign.

While Schrevelius' first two references are not particularly useful, the third is valuable and convincing. In Agesilas and Pompeius, Plutarch refers to the same event as Lucan, namely Pompey's campaign against Mithridates § 32-41. The campaign takes place in the Caucasus only, and Plutarch describes the Albani's lands as «facing east and the Caspian sea» (§ 34,2). This reference supports an emendation from Alani to Albaniin Lucan.

Inspite of their own credible argument to emend Alani to Albani, the Schrevelius edition retains Alani in its text, as do all modern editors. The reason is not mysterious; the manuscript tradition is unanimous: Alani. Could it be unanimously wrong? Or have the editors not examined the manuscript tradition sufficiently?

Five early Lucan manuscripts survive -- all from the Carolingian Renaissance. Except for a few palimpsest fragments from the fifth century, and commentaries based on undatable sources, they constitute our earliest evidence for the text of Lucan. Closely related, they are treated as one witness by editors, yet «each of these five is a source of independent information, stored in some cases in the text, in some cases between the lines and in the margins» (Gotoff 1). Nevertheless, the genetic similarities struck Housman: «the true line of division is between the variants themselves, not between the manuscripts which offer them ... The manuscripts group themselves not in families but in factions; their dissidences and agreements are temporary and transient» (vii).

These fundamental manuscripts are all dated to the ninth century -- some 700 years after the death of Lucan. Yet historians of this epic have little to say concerning the intermediate period. Medieval commentaries, based on Late antique originals, attest «the interest scholars in the fifth and sixth centuries had in Lucan» (Gotoff 1). So do our palimpsest fragments (Bick, Detlefsen, Bourgery and Ponchont xi). But we know that the Gallo-Roman aristocracy of the fifth century loved Lucan, and copied his words for posterity. Did the so-called Caroligian Renaissance truly save Lucan from the wreckage of antiquity? Or was the salvage operated much earlier by the Gallo-Romans -- bequeathing a wealth of manuscripts for the Carolingian scribes to copy? This is a question for historians of Latin literature. For our purpose, a brief overview of some key events of the fifth century will suffice.

The late fourth century witnessed a flowering of letters amongst the Roman aristocracy -- brutally interrupted in 410 when Alaric sacked Rome. The tribulations of St Melania the Younger illustrate the dislocation suffered especially by the cultured classes. This was not an auspicious period for the preservation of literary codices. In Gaul, however, a different relationship developped between the old Gallo-Roman aristocracy and the invaders -- a sort of partnership. As a result, Latin literature survived in Gaul, while it practically perished in Italy.

Without straying from the authors under study, we find echos of Valerius Flaccus «dans le poème dit Hylas de Dracontius, chez Sidoine Apollinaire et, peut-être, dans l'Alethia de Marius Victorinus» (Liberman civ).

Sidonius was a leader of this movement. Sidonius on Lucan. Rutilius, see Pichon.

The posterity who deeply appreciated Lucan's epic and copied it over and over again may have introduced unintended readings from a very early stage. One of Lucan's admirers was the Gallo-Roman Sidonius Apollinaris writing in the fifth century -- when the Alans together with the Huns and other Eastern nations had overrun Gaul -- who declared his literary allegiance by openly imitating Lucan: «Vandalicas turmas et iuncti Martis Alanos» (... 2:364). Did Sidonius find Alanos in his manuscript or did he find Albanos and alter this word to a much better known people -- who indeed were camping in his backyard as he wrote?

The vicissitudes of Lucan's text did not end with the turmoils of Late Antiquity, or the Middle Ages. Lucan's modern editors and scholars make few, if any references, to the history of one fundamental manuscript, the Parisiensis olim Ashburnhamensis (siglum A). Stolen from .... by Guillaume Libri in 1840?, it was bought by Bertram Lord Ashburnham in ... See also Jean Baptste Joseph Barrois.

When he died in June 22, 1878, Lord Ashburnham's son inherited the collection, and proceeded to dispose of it. Delisle.

The history of Lucan's text in modern times is dominated by the colourful figure of A. E. Housman who disdained manuscript studies, as he wrote in his edition (1926/corrected 1927): «an idle yet pretentious game ... Ueberlieferungsgeschichte ... a longer and nobler name than fudge» (xiii). But Housman himself admitted later having dropped three verses from his edition of Lucan, not because he thought they were not by Lucan, but because he did not know where they fitted into the text; he also failed to mention this deletion in his notes (1932). These same verses do not appear in the Bourgery-Ponchont even though they claimed to have collated their manuscripts themselves (Souter 132). Did Shackleton Bailey restore these three verses?

Hamblenne reported on ancient damage done to the Bruxellensis olim Gemblacensis (siglum G), one of the fundamental Carolingian manuscripts of Lucan. Describing the losses, unmentioned by editors, Hamblenne commented: «Aucun éditeur de Lucain n'a collationné directement le ms de Bruxelles, BR 5330» (195).

None of the ninth century mss is complete. How was the Davatriensis used? Our best editions are at best approximate.

Tacitus and Ethnography:

Unlike Lucan, whose unfinished epic was so carefully preserved by Gallo-Roman literati that five manuscripts remain from the Carolingian period alone, and 400 from the Middle Ages, the Histories and Annals of Tacitus survive, incomplete, in a single Italian codex (..................). Along with what we can glean from those fragments, we also have a brief work ascribed to Tacitus, the Germania. The attribution is justified on grounds of style but the structure of the text which we know under this title is markedly un-Taciteam: no finely wrought prologue, very little balance or purpose, and an abrupt ending without any form of conclusion. If we had the complete text of the Annals, we might recognize the loosely strung paragraphs of the Germania as excerpts from a Tacitean excursus on the Northern nations.

Passage by Tacitus.

Fourth century historians whose works show the influence of Tacitus' writing agree to distribute the northern nations into Suevi beyond the Rhine, Dacians or Getae along the middle Danube, and the Alani as the easternmost -- with other nations in between, adding up to a canonical number of 54. Orosius is a good example. Of the fifty-four nations which fill Rome's Northern European border, from the Don to the North Sea, he only mentions the Alans, who were the easternmost, settled north of the Caucasus, the Goths of Dacia, and the Suebi of the Upper Rhine (I:2,52-53).

An anonymous treatise from the same period cites passages from Tacitus, from the work we know as the Germania. It reflects the same tradition as Orosius: «ab oriente Alania est, in medio Dacia, ubi et Gothia; deinde Germania est, ubi plurimum partem Suevi tenent. Quorum omnium sunt gentes LIIII.» (Divisio orbis terrarum, ed: Riese 62, lines 18-19, §21).

Late antique authors update the ethnography of their first century sources: in about the middle of the second century, the Goths established their empire in modern Rumania and Ukraine: «Dacia, ubi est Gothia». Others preserve the more noble sounding names of very ancient authors. Claudian: «... audax // Massagetes caesamque bibens Maeotin Alanus // membraque qui ferro gaudet pinxisse Gelonus» (In Rufinum 1:311-313). «Avec le hardi Massagète qui blesse son coursier pour s'abreuver // L'Alain qui boit au Palus-Méotide de ses pères // Et le Gélon qui aime à tatouer son corps avec le fer» (tr: Charlet).

Ammianus: See my article.

The Text of Josephus:

The earliest author who provides unambiguous evidence for the name of the Alani remains Josephus -- supported by Pliny, Suetonius and Valerius Flaccus. Based on the argument presented here, I cannot consider Lucan a serious contender.

Josephus provides the earliest evidence supporting the name change not because he is the only author who reports on the Alan raid in Parthia but because he uses the name Alani and not some characterless literary label such as Scythian or Sarmatae, or an alternate name like Aorsi. The suggestion has been made that for this episode Josephus used the Flavian commentaries -- just as Tacitus apparently did (cite ...). Details ...

Scholars have also wondered why Josephus mentions the Alan raids into Parthia -- when it had nothing to do with Jewish history (cite ...). Since he refers to these Alan raids twice, in the War (7:244), and in the Antiquities (18:97), there may have been an unspoken link with the events in Judea. The nations of the steppes were very willing to do Rome's bidding: when the Romans under Claudius decided to eliminate Mithridates of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the deed was done by his Scythian neighbours at Rome's instigation. If Vespasian knew or suspected that the Jewish revolt had been aided and abetted by the Parthians, he might have engineered the Alan raids as retaliation. If so, it would be damaging for the honour of both the Romans and the Jews to discuss this openly, and the link between the Jewish revolt and the Alan raids is left out -- but not so discreetly that it the raids themselves are unmentioned.

First, however, we need to be sure of the text of Josephus. It survived in parallel strands which became intertwined during the Renaissance when the Greek tradition was rediscovered by Western scholars deeply familiar with the Latin translations made during Late Antiquity. The editio princeps for the Latin Josephus is dated 1470; nine editions in Latin (not counting translation into the vernacular) are known from the incunabula period alone; by the time the Greek princeps saw the light of day, in 1544, we cannot be sure that even such admirable philologists as Arlenius and Gelenius were not influenced by the Latin version they grew up with.

How different is the Latin Josephus? Sufficiently to justify an edition by Franz Blatt (1958). The Jewish War is known from a translation made by a fairly reliable writer, Rufinus of Aquileia, in ca 400; and also from a paraphrase by an otherwise unknown writer, called Hegesippus in our sources, who should perhaps be considered a historian in his own right. The best known, perhaps the only ancient Latin translation of the huge Antiquities of the Jews was made during the first half of the sixth century, in Italy, by Cassiodorus and his friends. Just as the Gallo-Roman litterateurs who rescued Lucan from oblivion may be responsible for the change from Albani to Alani, the possibility remains that the presence of the name of the Alani in the surviving text of Josephus is due to later influences. At the time when Josephus wrote about them, the Alani were sufficiently exotic to merit a thumbnail sketch; by the time versions were made by Rufinus, Hegesippus, Cassiodorus, the Alani were all over Roman lands, and exceedingly, and painfully well known.

It is not enough simply to pick up a copy of Josephus edited and or translated by Niese, Naber, Reinach, Thackeray, Pelletier, Whiston... and to look up the relevant passages. It is necessary to take into consideration the vagaries of this author's works after his death. After weighing this history, I am confident that Josephus indeed provided this information on the Scythian Alani, and that he is the earliest amongst surviving authors to do so, using the new name of the Massagetae.

The history of Josephus' text could benefit from an entire monograph, and cannot be usefully summarized in an article; in the meantime, until more research becomes available, I include detailed records on early editions, and other relevant information (see Bibliographic Appendix, below). In general historians of text transmission have paid insufficient attention to the influence of incunabular editions upon the modern recensions of ancient authors. Those who have warn us that «the printed text became the standard recension of a work, driving out of circulation even superior manuscript recensions» (Monfasano 1988:8). Careless proof-reading by printers introduced mistakes into the texts which scribes never made.

The age of printing made literature widely available at a fraction of the cost of hand made codices. But the price of democratisation was commercialisation -- and traumatic damage to the archetypal text; the unprincipled selection of manuscripts mentioned by Monfasano was aggravated by improvements to the text by Renaissance scholars whose methods were quite different from scrupulous medieval scribes. In the ninth century «there was no wholesale tampering with the text as is to be found in the manuscripts of the fifteenth century, which were not infrequently copied by scholars of the Renaissance, whose aim was to produce a readable text» (Shipley 1904:69).

Acknowledgements:

I am grateful to Judith Deitch, Bert S Hall, David W Smith, for discussions of bibliographic researches. John Corbett for St Melania the Younger, Sarah Pothecary for geography. Also the staff of Petro Jacyk (Robartss Library, Toronto), Ksenya Kiebizinski, Wasyl Sydorenko, and Nadia Zavorotna. Radmilo and Pavle Anicic for technical assistance (namely computers). My sister Guylaine for stimulating discussions, especially concerning genealogies. Mado for resources (EJ). Shortcomings are naturally my own.

Bibliography:

Chavannes, Edouard. «Les pays d'Occident d'après le Wei Lio.» T'oung Pao. NS 6 (1905) 519-571. Wei lio = Tien lio. Author: Yu Houan, qv.

Hirth, Friedrich. China and the Roman Orient. 1885. Tr: ... New York, 1966. DS 6 H6. Description of West in Wei-lio.

Yu Houan. Wei lio = Tien lio. Ed: Chavannes. Unofficial history closing with Emperor Ming (227-239). Survives incorporated in later histories. «le royaume de Yen-ts'ai qu'on appelle aussi A-lan; ils ont tous les mêmes moeurs que le K'ang-kiu [Sogdiane]; à l'Ouest, ils touchent au Ta-ts'in [Rome]; au Sud-Est, au K'ang-kiu; dans ces royaumes il y a beaucoup de martres réputées; (les habitants) sont pasteurs et vont à la recherche des eaux et des pâturages; ils sont voisins de grands marais; précédemment ils ont parfois été quelque peu soumis au K'ang-kiu, mais maintenant ils n'en dépendent pas» (558f).

Bibliographic Appendix on Flavius Josephus:

When preparing his Latin Josephus, Blatt provided a detailed descriptions of manuscripts, but his list of early editions was skeletal (p...). In my reference list, I have flagged the editions mentioned by Blatt; he used them in his edition, and this is evidence for their importance. Schreckenberg prepared the most exhaustive bibliography of Josephus available; however he displayed little interest in the history of the Latin translations and the incunabular editions (1968:1-30). The list of incunabular and post incunabular editions which follows is meant as a supplement to standard bibliographies.

I have documented the early editions of Josephus using standard reference works, in particular the Illustrated Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (IISTC). I have left out early translations of Josephus in the vernacular, not because they are not valuable in their own right, but because they could not provide answers to my ethnographic questions. For these, and for editions from the 17th to the 19th century, the reader is advised to turn to Engelmann, Schreckenberg, Feldman, and to reference works of sixteenth century printing (Verzeichniss, etc) which are included in my general bibliography.

Some controversial or merely obscure issues remain. For instance, one of the earliest editions of Josephus was printed before 1475 (IISTC §ij00482000); the date is not in doubt because one copy of that press run was accessioned in 1475 by an English purchaser (evidence from BMC ...). Many scholars have followed Goff who attributes it to an unknown printer in the Southern Netherlands (§J-482). Others have accepted Haebler's argument that it was printed by another anonymous printer, in Paris. No summary of research were provided to support those attributions.

A number of scholars support a third attribution, namely to Jean Mentelin of Strasbourg, with credible arguments (Freiman, etc). In 1475, briefly after IISTC §ij00482000 was produced, Lucas Brandis of Lübeck published the works of Josephus (IISTC § ij00483000). Brandis was educated at Leipzig and he trained as a printer in Strasbourg before settling down in Lübeck and operating his own presses. Comparisons between IISTC §ij00482000 and IISTC § ij00483000 could help determine if Brandis used the IISTC §ij00482000 as his prototype. This would provide pointers to the place of printing for IISTC §ij00482000.

All known editions of Josephus from the princeps in 1470 to the late sixteenth century have this in common: they were produced by publishers with deep pockets, who could capitalize such a voluminous author (10 volumes of the Loeb edition). They were expensive for printers to produce, and for clients to purchase. «Books represented a substantial outlay for many customers ... Sometimes they might be allowed to pay by installments: thus the Strasbourg priest Johannes Kuon was allowed to purchase Johann Mentelin's first Latin Bible (GW 4203), printed in 1460, in three installments of four guilders each» (Flood 145).

Whether they were the foremost publishers in their period like Sébastien Gryphe in Lyon, or whether they were funded by a rich and powerful government like Minutianus of Milan, they had the resources to handle such a large project. Mentelin, not a poor man himself, was backed by the then powerful archdiocese of Strasbourg. Printing in Paris starts in 1470, and this makes it a narrow fit for the Josephus which was a major production requiring months of labour. Regarding Goff's attribution, there may be technical and/or artistic reasons to deny this edition to Mentelin but the economics of book production rule out some anonymous jobbing printer in a nameless small town, especially at such an early phase of the art of printing. If Mentelin did not print the pre-1475 edition of Josephus, it should be attributed to someone of equal stature -- provided he can be found.

Bibliographic Appendix on Lucan:

Four hundred manuscripts of Lucan survive from the middle ages, but they do not all have a comparable importance. Here I list those of which I make mention in my text, with leads to studies on them. Since I write for both classical scholars and ethnographers of the Central Asiatic nations, I use modern names of cities and libraries, with references to the traditional Latin names of codices.

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds latin 10314 (ninth century): Pharsalia by Lucan. Siglum: Z. From the Abbey of Epternach. For damages, see description by Lejay.

The Name of the Alans, Bibliography, part 1

This bibliography includes Josephus, Hegesippus, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus, Suetonius, Arrian, Pliny, Tacitus, Statius, and other material relevant -- codicology, incunabula, geography -- for dating this name change.

Accurti, Tommaso. Editiones saeculi XV pleraeque bibliographi ignotae. Florence: Tipografia Giuntina, 1930. Old Class Bb A, Karl; Pims Z 240 A23. Printer of Basilius?

Accurti, Tommaso. Aliae editiones saeculi XV pleraeque nondum descriptae. Florence: Tipografia Giuntina, 1936. Old Class Bb A, Karl; Pims Z 240 A234.

Adams, Herbert Mayow. Catalogue of Books Printed on the Continent of Europe, 1501-1600, in Cambridge Libraries. 2 vols. Cambridge UP, 1967. Roba, Pims, VUCR Z 1014 A38. Josephus, Hegesippus, Lucan. Style sheet: short title + full imprints and day date where given + signature collations (v). Variant imprints (vi).

Ahl, Frederick M. Lucan: An Introduction. Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, 39. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1976. PA 6480 A4. Biblio. Nero. Inspired renewal of Lucan studies.

Ailloud, Henri, ed. Suétone: Vie des douze Césars. 3 vols. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1931-1932; 1964. PA 6700 A2 1967. «Domitien» 3:78-102. Citations under Suetonius.

Albert, Karl. Strabo als Quellen des Josephus. PhD. Aschaffenburg: Kolbe, 1902. Offprint, 48 pages, WCat 17 + mfm. Alans?

Albert, Micheline, ed. Athanase: Histoire acéphale. 1985. See Annick Martin.

Alchorne, Stanesby [died 1800]. Catalogue of a portion of the valuable library of the late Stanesby Alchorne, Esq. of the Mint. London: Bulmer, 1813. RBSC duff. Includes books by Mentelin.

Alès, Adhémar d'. «Les deux Vies de sainte Mélanie la jeune.» Analecta Bollandiana. 25 (1906) 401-450. Pims. Comparison of Greek and Latin texts, prototype seems to be closer to the Greek text. Gerontius.

Allard, Paul. Etudes d'histoire et d'archéologie. Paris: Lecoffre, 1899. Pims BQX 87 A4.

Allard, Paul. «La jeunesse d'Apollinaire Sidoine.» Revue des questions historiques. 83 NS 39 (1908) 24-44; 426-452. WCat; online.

Allard, Paul. «Sidoine Apollinaire, Préfet de Rome.» Revue des questions historiques. 84 NS 40 (1908) 399-419. WCat; online.

Allard, Paul. «La retraite de Sidoine Apollinaire.» Revue des questions historiques. 86 NS 42 (1909) 49-66. WCat; online.

Allard, Paul. Saint Sidoine Apollinaire (431-489). Paris: Lecoffre, 1910; 3rd edition Paris: Gabalda, 1930. Regis BR 1720 S5 A55.

Allen, Pauline. «An Early Epitomator of Josephus: Eustathius of Epiphaneia.» Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 81 (1988) 1-11. Biblio, chronology. Includes edition of fragment from Codex Parisinus graecus 1555A (13-14th cent), folio 5-7. Eustathius is only known from paraphrases by Malalas, Evagrius, etc.

Allen, Percy Stafford, and Helen Mary Allen, eds. Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami. 12 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1906-1958. PA 8511 A2 1906. Allen died before the project was completed; he was replaced by Heathcote William Garrod. Rev: Renaudet. Biblio. Vol 12, indices: Badius, Faber, Sobius, Beatus.

§ 842. Re the Cologne Josephus with IV Macchabees. Erasmus edited the text without the benefit of the Greek, but he emended the Latin on the basis of what he thought the Greek would be.

§ 1702. To Polydore Vergil. «Praeerat castigationi Sigismundus Gelenius, vir utriusque linguae non vulgariter doctus probaeque fidei» (6:330).

§ 1775. From James Sobius.

§ 2082. From Levinus Ammonius, 8:1-11. Tirade against the ingratitude of Gervais Amoenus, lines 240ff.

§ 2513. «Augustinus Eugubinus [Steuchus] Erasmo Roterodamo». Letter by Canon Agostino Steuco, AT specialist, dated July 25, 1531, criticising Erasmus. 9:289-307. Concerns Steuco's Commentary on Psalms, and Erasmus's tactless critique.

§ 2569. For the Froben Josephus, Erasmus tries to borrow a Greek ms from Georges d'Armagnac.

§ 2628. Erasmus tries to borrow a Greek Josephus from Jean de Pins, who bought his own copy in Venice.

§ 2665. The Greek Josephus, quest for ms.

§ 2743, 2757, 2969, 2976. All concern the Greek Josephus.

Allen, Thomas William. Notes on Abbreviations in Greek Manuscripts. Oxford: Clarendon, 1889; reprint Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1967. B2; Roba Z 111 A33; Pims Z 113.8 A58.

Allen, Thomas William. «Palaeographica III: A Group of Ninth-Century Greek Manuscripts.» Journal of Philology. 21 (1893) 48-55. Old Class P La J. Biblio. Arethas of Patrae. Josephus?

Altaner, Berthold. Patrology. Tr: Hilda C. Graef. New York: Herder & Herder, 1960. BR 67 A 373. Translation based on the 5th edition (1958). Hegesippus, 345.

Amann, Emile. «Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples.» In Dictionnaire de théologie catholique. Ed: Alfred Vacant, Eugène Mangenot, and Emile Amann. 15 vols in 30. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1930-1950. 9 (1926) 132-159.

Ambrose of Milan. CSEL, 78. PL 15, 16. NPNF 10. Caillau and Guillon. Did he translate the Historia acephala? See Dwyer, Scholtz for vocabulary and Hegesippus.

Ambrose of Milan. De officiis minoribus. PL 14:627ff. Based on IV Macch.

Ambrose of Milan. De Jacob et vta beata. PL 14:662ff. Based on IV Macch.

Amelung, Peter. «Die Niederländische Inkunabeln der Württembergischen Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart.» In Festschrift = feestbundel = mélanges: Forty-three Studies in Bibliography Presented to Professor Doctor Wytze Hellinga on the Occasion of his Retirement from the Chair of Neophilology in the University of Amsterdam at the End of the Year 1978. Amsterdam: N Israel, 1980. 1-27; 38. Roba Z 4 H45; Mass BIB H477.6 1980. Josephus.

Ames, Joseph, and Samuel Raffey Maitland. An Index to Dibdin's Edition of the Typographical Antiquities. London: Bibliographical Society, 1899. Z 151.2 A65 Roba and VUCR. Roba not there?

d'Ancona, Paolo. La miniature italienne du VIe siècle au XVIe siècle. Paris, 1925. Ms of Josephus, BJ, dated AD 1463.

d'Ancona, Paolo. English translation Pims Folio ND 2920 A513.

Anderson, John George Clark, ed. Cornelii Taciti De Origine et situ Germanorum. Oxford: Clarendon, 1938; 2nd edition Oxford: Clarendon, 1961. PA 6706 G4.

Anderson, William Blair. «Notes on Lucan VIII.» Classical Quarterly. 8 (1914) 105-111. Useful for meaning of book as a whole. Parthians 8:306-310 .

Anderson, William Blair. «Notes on Lucan IV.» Classical Quarterly. 9 (1915) 180-185. Bridge building.

Anderson, William Blair. «Notes on Lucan I and VIII.» Classical Quarterly. 10 (1916) 100-105. Down from Africa to the Alps, 102f. Reading from edition by Stephanus (1545), 103f.

Anderson, William Blair. «Notes on Lucan IX.» Classical Quarterly. 10 (1916) 151-157.

Anderson, William Blair. «Statius and the Date of the Culex.» Classical Quarterly. 10 (1916) 225-228. Silvae II,7 and Lucan.

Anderson, William Blair. «Notes on Lucan V.» Classical Quarterly. 11 (1917) 98-101. Use of nec in Lucan.

Anderson, William Blair. «Housman's Lucan.» The Classical Review. 41 (1927) 26-33. PA 1 C7. «in the great tradition...» 26f. Ms study. Considers Housman superior to Hosius.

Anderson, William Blair. Sidonius: Poems and Letters. Loeb Classic Library. 2 vols. London, 1936; Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP, 1963-1965. PA 6694 S7.

Année épigraphique. Supplement to Revue archéologique. CC 3 R423. Inscriptions.

Année philologique: Bibliographie critique et analytique de l'antiquité gréco-latine. (1924-current). GenR Z 7019 M352; also online.

Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1970-present. GenR Z 117 A6; RBSC Z 117 A 55. Checked up to 18 (1987).

Arendzen, JP. «The Russian Josephus.» Dublin Review. 179 (1926) 86-106. SMC AP 4 D8.

Arlenius, Arnoldus Peraxylus [1510-1582], ed. Josephus (Basel, 1544), Diodorus, Polybius.

Armstrong, Lilian. «A Renaissance Flavius Josephus.» The Yale University Library Gazette. 58,3-4 (1984) 122-139. Roba Z 733 Y3 A3. Re ij00485000. Reynaldus of Nijmegen was fourth husband of Donna Paola, wife of many printers. This copy embellished with 31 hand decorated historiated initials. «incunables were sometimes decorated in cities other than the one in which they were printed» (133).

Arnaud, Pascal. «L'apothéose de Néron-Kosmokrator et la cosmographie de Lucain au premier livre de la Pharsale (I,45-66).» Revue des études latines. 65 (1987) 167-193. Lucan.

Arnulfus of Orleans. Commentary on Lucan. Ed: Marti. Surbi 2.52, p. 95. Albis Fluvius est Suevorum, qui sunt in Alamannia [...] caput Reni.» 8:222 «si vos: Hec est conditio per quam petit eorum auxilium». «Caspia claustra: uocat Caspios montes qui claudunt regnum Parthorum sicut Alpes Italiam, Pirenei montes Hispaniam» (page 403). 10:454 «quem non violasset Alanus: populus efferus quem Cesar uicerat» (page 525).

Arrian of Nicomedia [Lucius Flavius Arrianus, ca AD 90-145]. Legate of Cappadocia AD 131-137. For his career: Cassius Dio, Bosworth, Chapot, Hartmann, Pelham, Stadter, Syme, Tonnet, Wirth. Collective editions: Blankaart 1683, Brunt (Loeb), Hercher and Eberhard, Roos and Wirth, Check Opera L Gr C D.

Arrian. Acies contra Alanos. Ektaxis kat'Alanôn. Ed: Dübner, Jacoby. Studies: Bosworth, Pflaum. Survives in one ms, following his Ars Tactica.

Arrian. Ars Tactica. Text: Silberman, Stadter. Studies: Brandis, Devine.

Arrian. Indica. Ed: Chantraine, Dübner, McCrindle. Parapamisos, II,3. «Chez les Assacènes se trouve une grande ville Massaka, qui est la capitale de l'Assacie; il existe encore une autre ville, Peukelaitis, grande elle aussi, non loin de l'Indus» (I,8). Sanskrit: Pashkalovaiti, also in Strabo (...?). Peshawar?

Arrian. Periplus. Text: Hudson, McCrindle, Silberman, Stadter. Studies: Brandis, Patsch, Piganiol, Reuss. 19,3 for Crimea and North Shore.

Ars typographica. RBSC duff per f0003.

Athanasius of Alexandria. Historia acephala. Opera. PG ..... Ed: Fromen 1914; Martin and Albert (Budé). Attributed to Athanasius, and edited with his works. Translation attributed to Ambrose of Milan.

Aumen, Gervais [Gervasiu Amoenu fl 1506-1529]. Edited Val Flaccus Argonautica for Josse Bade. See Allen Corr Erasmus. See Bietenholz 1:51.

Backus, Irena. «Early Christianity in Michael Neander's Greek-Latin Edition of Luther's Catechism.» In History of Scholarship. Ed: Christopher Ligota and Jean-Louis Quentin. Oxford UP, 2006. 197-230. AZ 221 S47 2006x. Hegesippus and his Anacephaleosis, 227. Neander = Neandar = Neumann.

Bader, Françoise. «Le conflit entre in préverbe et in privatif.» Revue des Etudes latines. 38 (1960) 121-128. Biblio, later Latin.

Bader, Françoise. «Héraclès et les points cardinaux.» Minos 18 (1983) 219-256. P 1035 M5.

Badius, Jodocus, Ascensius. Correspondence. Text: Allen, Renouard. Letters concerning pirate editions (contrefaçons), Hegesippus, and Jacques Lefèvre.

Jodocus Badius Ascensius Stephano Poncherio: Jacobus Faber Stapulensis ... Inter quae superioribus annis divi Hilarii, Aegesippi, Nicolai Cusani, et quasdam alias neutiquam poenitendas lucubrationes ipso authore emissimus. ... 15 calendas decembris 1520. (Renouard 2:146)

Jodocus Badius Ascensius Gulielmo Briconneto: Historiarum Aegesippi eijusque Anacephaleosim quas Jacobus Faber, compater mihi... ad nonas julias 1510. (Renouard 2:246)

Jodocus Badius Ascensius Beato Rhenano: Affuit Jacobo Fabro compatri mei, mortalium: uni (ut nosti) studiosissimo, Michael tuus Hamelburgius, homo in litterarum studio vigilantissimus, in recognitione Aegesippae historiae ... [sine anno] (Renouard 2:487f)

Baehrens, Wilhelm A. «Beiträge zur lateinischen Syntax.» Philologus, Supplementband. 12 (1912) 233-556. Ammianus, index, 542. Also: Descriptio, Justinus, Livy, Pliny.

Bagford, John. Title Pages. London: British Museum, 1974. Z 1012 B867.

Bains, Doris. A Supplement to «Notae Latinae». Cambridge: UP, 1936. Pims Z 111 L57. After WM Lindsay.

Bammel, Caroline Penrose Hammond. «The Last Ten Years of Rufinus' Life and the Date of His Move South from Aquileia.» Journal of Theological Studies. NS 28 (1977) 372-429. VUEM.

Bammel, Caroline Penrose Hammond. «Products of Fifth-Century Scriptoria Preserving Conventions used by Rufinus of Aquileia, I.» Journal of Theological Studies. NS 29 (1978) 366-391.

Bammel, Caroline Penrose Hammond. «Products of Fifth-Century Scriptoria Preserving Conventions used by Rufinus of Aquileia, II.» Journal of Theological Studies. NS 30 (1979) 430-462.

Bammel, Caroline Penrose Hammond. «Products of Fifth-Century Scriptoria Preserving Conventions used by Rufinus of Aquileia, III.» Journal of Theological Studies. NS 34 (1984) 347-393.

Barbaro, Ermolao [1454-1493]. Grandson of Francisco. Ambassador to Holy See, then Patriarch of Aquileia in 1491. Editor of Mela, biography (pages ...). His commentary on Pliny included in Leipzig edition of 1778-1791, see under Pliny. Studies: Branca. Important correspondence, see UTL. For his library, see Diller.

Barbaro, Ermolao. Castigationes plinianae et Pomponii Melae. Rome: Eucharius Silber, 24 Nov 1492; 13 Feb 1493. Source: IISTC § ib00100000; GKW 3340; Delisle Chantilly, 217.

Barbaro, Ermolao. Castigationes plinianae et Pomponii Melae. Rome: [eponymous printer] for Daniele Barbaro, about 1493-1494.

Source: IISTC § ib00101000; BMC V, 589; HC 2420. Location: McGill. General Notes: For privilege issued to his brother Daniele on Dec 11, 1493, see Gerulaitis 39.

Barbaro, Ermolao. Castigationes plinianae et Pomponii Melae. With additions by Augustine Grandis. Cremona: Carolus de Darleriis, 3 April 1495. Source: IISTC § ib00102000.

Barbaro, Ermolao. Epistolae, orationes et carmina. Ed: Vittore Branca. Florence: Bibliopolis, 1947. PA 8463 B76 A6.

Barbaro, Ermolao. Castigationes. Ed: G. Pozzi. 1979. Pliny.

Barclay, John M. G., tr. Against Apion. Vol 10 of Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary. General editor: Steve Mason. Leiden: Brill, 2007. DS 116 J7 2000. Biblio.

Bardenhewer, Otto. Geschichte der altkirchlichen Literatur. 5 vols. 2nd edition Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1913-1932; reprint Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1962. Pims BQ 144 B2; VUEM BR 67 B3; Roba BR 67 B3. IV Macch 3:505ff.

Bardon, Henry. Les empereurs et les lettres latines d'Auguste à Hadrien. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1940. DG 276.5 B3.

Bardon, Henry. La littérature latine inconnue. 2 vol. Paris: Klincksieck, 1952-1956. PA 6005 B37. Vol 2: L'époque impériale.

Bardy, Gustave. «Copies et éditions au Ve siècle.» Revue des sciences religieuses. #...# (1949) 38-52. Pims PER; Roba BX 802 R43. Ausonius, Sulpitius, Sidonius, etc. Private copies vs publications.

Baret, Eugène, ed. Oeuvres complètes de Sidoine Apollinaire. Paris: Thorin, 1879. PIMS BQ 6212 S72.

Baret, Eugène, tr. Oeuvres complètes de Sidoine Apollinaire. Paris: Nisard, 1887.

Barish, David A. «The Autobiography of Josephus and the Hypothesis of a Second Edition of his Antiquities.» Harvard Theological Review. 71 (1978) 61-75. BR 1 H47 yellow Apex. Biblio. Death of Agrippa is a factor in dating. His conclusion: no second edition of AJ, Autobio published as appendix to it, at the latest possible date Sept 96 AD.

Barnes, Timothy David. «The Fragments of Tacitus' Histories.» Classical Philology. 72 (1977) 224-231. Orosius 7,34,5, page 234: Scythia.

Barnes, Timothy David. Rev of Martin and Albert, Histoire acéphale. Journal of Theological Studies. NS 37 (1986) 576-589. VUEM, KNOX.

Barnes, Timothy David. Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire. Harvard UP, 1993. Roba, VUEM BR 1720 A7 B37. Hist acephala?

Barnish, S. J. B. «The Genesis and Completion of Cassiodorus' Gothic History.» Latomus 43 (1984) 336-361.

Barnish, S J B. «Taxation, Land and Barbarian Settlement in the Western Empire.» Papers of the British School at Rome. 54 (1986) 170-185. DG 12 B85.

Barnish, S. J. B. «Western Senatorial Aristocracy AD 400-700.» PBSR 56 (1988) 120-155. DG 12 B85.

Barnish, S. J. B., tr. The «Variae» of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator. Liverpool University Press, 1992. DG 506 C3613. Biblio.

Barratt, Pamela. M. Annaei Lucani Belli civilis liber V: A Commentary. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1979. PA 6480 B37. Part of a series.

Battezzato, Luigi. «Renaissance Philology: Johannes Livineius (1546-1599) and the Birth of the apparatus criticus.» In History of Scholarship. Ed: Christopher Ligota and Jean-Louis Quentin. Oxford UP, 2006. 75-111. AZ 221 S47 2006x. Biblio. Jan Lievens, born in Ghent. «editors base their choices between readings on style, metre, and sense rather than on the stemmatic position of the witnesses that carry them» (91).

Baudrier, Henri-Louis. Bibliographie lyonnaise: Recherches sur les imprimeurs, libraires, relieurs et fondeurs de lettre de Lyon au XVIe siècle. 13 vols. Lyon: Brun, 1895. RBSC Z 145 L9 B3. Reprint Paris: Nobele, 1964. VUCR Z 145 L9 B3. Reprint Geneva: Slatkine, 1999. Pims. Lucan 7:7.

Bayet, Jean, and Gaston Baillet. Tite Live: Histoire romaine. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1962-1998. PA 6454 B3. Livy.

Bayle, Pierre [1647-1706]. «Fevre d'Etaples, Jacques Le.» In his Dictionnaire historique et critique. 4 vols. Rotterdam, 1697. Fifth edition Amsterdam: Brunel, 1740. 2:469-471. Roba CT 95 B3 1740 Folio. Attitudes rather than facts.

Beatus Rhenanus [Beat Bild 1485-1547]. Correspondent of Badius. His commentary on Pliny included in Leipzig edition of 1778-1791, see under Pliny.

Beatus Rhenanus. Plinius: [Historia Naturalis]. Basel: Froben, 1526. Commentary.

Title page: Beatus Rhenanus Selezestodiensis, in C. Plinium : repurgatur hoc libro non solum praefatio Pliniana a multis mendis & ipsi Naturalis historiae libri infinitis locis castigantur. Colophon: Basileae: Apud Ioannem Frobenium, Mensi Martio Anno 1526. Location: Toronto, VUCR PA 6614 A2 R53 1526 folio. Source: UTL catalogue; Adams R-437; VD16 7 hits. General Notes: reprinted in Leipzig edition of 1778-1791, see under Pliny.

Beaujeu, Jean, and Alfred Ernout, eds, trs. Pline l'Ancien: Histoire naturelle. Livre 1 et 2. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1950. Theory of Geography.

Beaujeu, Jean. «La Mare rubrum de Tacite et le problème de la chronologie des Annales.» Revue des Etudes latines. 38 (1960) 200-235, maps. Beginning of second century, lots on the East.

Beaujeu, Jean. «L'astronomie de Lucain.» In L'astronomie dans l'antiquité. Colloque, Toulouse-le-Mirail, 21-23 octobre 1977. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1979. Gerstein QB 21 A87. Lucan. Latitude and longitude (diem vs sidere...)???

Beaulieux, Charles. «Manuscrits et imprimés en France aux XVe et XVI siècle.» In Mélanges offerts à M. Emile Chatelain. Paris: Champion, 1910. 417-428, plate. P 26 C43 M45.

Beck, Alexander Friedrich. Untersuchungen zu den Handschriften Lucans. Ph.D. Munich: Kastner & Lossen, 1900. WCat 6, 75 pages. Mss.

Beddie, James Stuart. «The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries.» Speculum 5 (1930) 3-16. Studies catalogue of medieval libraries, finds 40 records of works by Josephus (7).

Beeson, Charles Henry. «The Text Tradition of Donatus' Commentary on Terence.» Classical Philology. 17 (1922) 283-305. Jerome?

Beeson, Charles Henry. Lupus of Ferrières as Scribe and Text Critic: A Study of his Autograph Copy of Cicero's «De Oratore». Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy of America, 1930. Z 115.2 C58 1930.

Beeson, Charles Henry. «The Collectaneum of Hadoard.» Classical Philology. 40 (1945) 201-222.

Beeson, Charles Henry. «Lupus of Ferrières and Hadoard.» Classical Philology. 42 (1948) 190-191.

Begg, Christopher T. «Hezekiah's Illness and Visit According to Josephus.» Estudios biblicos. 53 (1995) 365-385. SMC PER.

Begg, Christopher T., tr. Judean Antiquities 5-7. Vol 4 of Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary. General editor: Steve Mason. Leiden: Brill, 2005. DS 116 J7 2000.

Behrendts, Alexander [died 1912]. Translated Slavonic Josephus into German, after comparison with Greek original. Published posthumously in four installments by Konrad Grass. See Eisler; review by Posner.

Behrendts, Alexander. Die Zeugnisse vom Christentum im Slavischen «De bello judaico» des Josephus. Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur, 14,4. Leipzig: Akademie-Verlag, 1906. Pims BQ 25 T3, vol 14.

Behrendts, Alexander, and Konrad Grass, eds. Flavius Josephus: vom jüdischen Kriege, Buch I-IV. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis), Series B, Vol 5,5. Tartu, 1924. This installment contains Introduction, Part 1, pages 1-160. AS 262 T22 A24.

Behrendts, Alexander, and Konrad Grass, eds. Flavius Josephus: vom jüdischen Kriege, Buch I-IV. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis), Series B, Vol 9,3. Tartu, 1926. Part 2, pages 161-288. AS 262 T22 A24.

Behrendts, Alexander, and Konrad Grass, eds. Flavius Josephus: vom jüdischen Kriege, Buch I-IV. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis), Series B, Vol 10,3. Tartu, 1927. Part 3, pages 289-416. AS 262 T22 A24.

Behrendts, Alexander, and Konrad Grass, eds. Flavius Josephus: vom jüdischen Kriege, Buch I-IV. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis), Series B, Vol 11,2. Tartu, 1927. Part 4, pages 417-512; Corrigenda et addenda, 511; table of contents, 512. AS 262 T22 A24.

Bekker, Immanuel, ed. Flavii Josephi opera omnia. 6 vols in 3. Leipzig: Teubner, 1855-1856. VUPT storage PA 30 J799oB. In 1859, Herwerden (1893) collated the Ambrosianus D 56 and the Marcianus 383 with Bekker.

Bell, Albert A. An Historiographical Analysis of the De Excidio Hierosolymitano of Pseudo-Hegesippus. PhD North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1977. Pims mfm PA 3998 H181 E9.

Bell, Albert A. «Josephus and Pseudo-Hegesippus.» In Josephus, Judaism and Christianity. Ed: Louis H. Feldman, and Gohei Hata. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1987. 349-361. DS 115.9 J6 J66.

Bell, Harold Idris. «A Solinus Manuscript from the Library of Coluccio Salutati.» Speculum 4 (1929) 451-461. Re: Egerton MS. 818, the earliest Solinus, overlooked by Mommsen. Caroline minuscule, dated ca 1100.

Bentley, Richard [1662-1742]. Lucan. Nothing on WCat, except posthumous editions; see Cumberland, Grotius, Weber.

Bernhardy, Gottfried, ed. Dionysius Periegetes graece et latine cum vetustis commentariis et interpretationibus. Vol 1 of Geographi graeci minores. Leipzig: Weidmann, 1828. G 87 D59 1828. Check text: mentions both Alani and Albani.

Beurlier, E. «Machabées (Livres apocryphes des).» In Dictionnaire de la Bible. Ed: Fulcran Grégoire Vigouroux. 5 vols, and supplements. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1926‑1928. 4 (1912) 500-502. GenR BS 440 V7. IV Macch.

La Bibliofilia. Z 1007 B56.

Bibliographica. Massey BIB B582.18 folio, 1895-1897, 12 vols.

Bibliographie de la France. Roba stacks Z 2165 B58, starts at 1971.

Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue des manuscrits grecs. Paris, 1945. Z 6621 P22 G7. Josephus? Includes Montfaucon and Fonds Coislin.

Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue des incunables. Paris, 1981‑‑. VUCR Z 240 B54; Pims Z 240 B5; RBSC Z 240 F718. Josephus by Mentelin J‑307.

Bick, Josef. Wiener Palimpseste. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, 159,7. Vienna, 1908. AS 142 A53. Lucan, 1-27. Codex Palat. Vindobonensis 16, olim Bobbiensis. With facsimile. Notes under Lucan.

Bietenholz, Peter G., and Thomas B. Deutscher, eds. Contemporaries of Erasmus. 3 vols. Toronto: UP, 1985-1987. PA 8518 65. «Josse Bade» 1:79-81. Scholar-printer ... nearly 100 of his titles were material from Erasmus ... break with Erasmus in 1517. «Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples» 2:315-318. No mention of Josephus, Hegesippus or Badius. «Platina» 3:100-101. «Gelenius» 2:84-85; citation under Gelenius. Melanchthon 424-429, nothing on Hegesippus.

Bigmore, Edward Clements, and Charles William Henry Wyman. A Bibliography of Printing. 2 vols. London: Quaritch, 1945. GenR Z 117 B59.

Birley, Anthony Richard. «Agricola, the Flavian Dynasty and Tacitus.» In The Ancient Historian and his Materials: Essays in Honour of Courtenay Edward Stevens on his Seventieth Birthday. Ed: Barbara Levick. Farnborough: Gregg, 1975. 139-154. Roba D 56 A5. How the Flavians came to power.

Birley, Anthony Richard, tr. Tacitus: Agricola, Germany. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford UP, 1999. PA 6707 A8 1999. Includes list of divergent readings, xl and ff.

Bischoff, Bernhard. Paläographie des römischen Altertums und des abendländischen Mittelalters. Berlin: ....., 1979. Z 105 B573.

Bischoff, Bernhard. Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Tr: Dáibhi á Cróinin and David Ganz. Cambridge: UP, 1990. VUCR Z 114 B5713; Roba Z 105 B57313; Pims Z 114 B5713.

Bischoff, Bernhard. Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne. Tr: Michael Murray Gorman. Cambridge: UP, 1993. Roba, Pims, VUCR Z 8 F8 B5713.

Bischoff, Bernhard. Katalog der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts (mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen). 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998-2004. Pims Z 6601 A1 B57. Vol 2: Laon-Paderborn.

Blankaart, Nikolaas, ed. Arrianou techne taktike, Ektaxis kat'Alanôn, Periplous Pontou Euxeinou, Periplous tês Erythras thalassês, Kynêgetikos, Epiktetou Encheiridion, tou autou apophthegmata kai apospasmata, a en tô Iôannou Stobaiou anthologiô, kai en tais Agelliou agrupniais attikais sozomena. Amsterdam: apud Janssonio-Waespergios, 1683. RBSC B-10 6566. Complete works.

Blatt, Franz. The Latin Josephus. Vol I: Introduction and Text: The Antiquities, Books I-V. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1958. Pims, Roba PA 4223 A13. Notes throughout biblio. See Schreckenberg 1977:27f.

Blockley, Roger C. «Tacitean Influences upon Ammianus Marcellinus.» Latomus 32 (1973) 63-78.

Boardman, John [Sir]. «Greek Archaeology on the Shores of the Black Sea.» Journal of Hellenic Studies: Archaeological Reports. 10 (1963) 34-51. Supplement series.

Boardman, John [Sir], FS. Periplus. London: Thames and Hudson, 2000. N 5613 P47. Biblio.

Bois, Henri. «Notes sur l'Empire de la raison (IVe livre des Macchabées).» Revue de philologie. 11 (1887) 119-122. Review of Fritzsche.

Boissier, Gaston. «Les rhéteurs gaulois au IV siècle.» Journal des savants. 1884:5-18; 125-140. This volume not at U of T. Review of Bährens. Lucan?

Boissier, Gaston, FS. Mélanges Boissier: Recueil de mémoires concernant la littérature et les antiquités romaines dédié à Gaston Boissier. Paris: Fontemoing, 1903. PA 26 B66.

Bosworth, Albert Brian. «Arrian's Literary ...» In Greek Literature. Vol 1 of Cambridge History of Classical Literature. Ed: P E Easterling and Bernard MacGregor Walker Knox. Cambridge UP, 1985. 703-707; 887-889. Roba, Pims, SMC PA 3052 G73.

Bosworth, Albert Brian. «Arrian's Literary Development.» Classical Quarterly. NS 22 (1972) 163-185.

Bosworth, Albert Brian. «Vespasian's Reorganisation of the North East Frontier.» Antichthon 10 (1976) 63-78. PA 1 A6. Biblio; important, must re-read. Cappadocia, Armenia. Alani, 67ff. The Alani were no threat to Rome, but did attack the Parthians, 68.

Bosworth, Albert Brian. «Arrian and the Alani.» Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 81 (1977) 217-255. PA 25 H28. Re: Ectaxis, with biblio. Bachrach «riddled with errors and useless for historical interpretation» (217n2). «It is clear that the Alani did not move spontaneously but at the instigation of Pharasmanes II, king of Iberia» (219).

Bosworth, Albert Brian. «Arrian and Rome: The Minor Works.» Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. 2:34,1 (1993) 226-275. Roba, Pims DG 209 T36.

Boüard, Alain de. «La question des origines de la minuscule caroline.» Palaeographia latina. Ed: Lindsay. 4 (1925) 71-82. Z 114 P3. Inconclusive; suggests gradual development over centuries of Late Antiquity, Early Middle Ages (Merovingian).

Bouquet, A. C. «The Reference to Josephus in the Bibliotheca of Photius.» Journal of Theological Studies. 36 (1935) 289-293. VUEM, KNOX. Slavic Josephus.

Bourgery, Abel, and Max Ponchont, eds. Lucain: La guerre civile (La Pharsale). 2 vols. Vol 1 by Bourgery, Paris, 1926; vol 2 by Bourgery and Ponchont, Paris, 1929. PA 6478 F5B67. Bourgery edited his Latin text. Description of mss, with sketchy history of earlier editions. The most ancient witnesses are palimpsest fragments from 4-5th centuries (Bick, Detlefsen), then we jump to the ninth (xi).

Bourgery, Abel, and Max Ponchont, eds. Lucain: La guerre civile (La Pharsale). Sixth edition revised by Paul Jal. 2 vols. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1993. PA 6478 F5B67. «Massageten Scythicus non adliget Ister: que l'Hister scythique n'emprisonne plus le Massagète» (2,50). «Les peuples de Scythie ... que Bactros enferme de son gouffre gelé et l'Hyrcanie de ses vastes forêts» (3,267-268). Sarmatians ... Phasis ... Colchis ... Halys ... Tanais ... Black Sea ... «Longaque Sarmatici solvens ieiunia belli // Massagetes quo fugit equo: puis le courageux Arien et le Massagète qui apaise les longs jeûnes des guerres sarmates avec le cheval qui sert à sa fuite et les rapides Gélons» (3,282-283). «les rudes Alains.» «duros aeterni Martis Alanos» (8:222ff). «Quem non violasset Alanus» (10:454ff).

Bowers, Fredson Thayer. Principles of Bibliographical Description. Princeton University Press, 1949; reprint St. Paul's Bibliographies, 15. Winchester: West End House, 1987. Z 1001 B78. «typefaces and ornaments» 13. «Insertions and cancellations cause abnormal gathering» (232).

Bowers, Fredson Thayer. Textual & Literary Criticism. The Sandars lectures in bibliography, 1957-1958. Cambridge: UP, 1959. P 47 B6. «such a critic -- who seems to believe that texts are discovered under cabbage plants (or in bulrushes)» (3). «it is still a current oddity that many a literary critic has investigated the past ownership and mechanical condition of his second-hand automobile [...] more thoroughly than he has looked into the qualifications of the text on which his critical theories rest» (5).

Bowers, Fredson Thayer. Bibliography and Textual Criticism. Oxford: Clarendon, 1964. Z 1001 B775.

Bowers, Fredson Thayer. «Four Faces of Bibliography.» Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada. 10 (1971) 33-45; reprinted 1975:94-108. Z 1008 B524. «the fatal innocence that accepts the authority of the details of any document without having traced its textual transmission and the effect of this process on its words» (108).

Bowers, Fredson Thayer. Essays in Bibliography, Text and Editing. Charlottesville: U P of Virginia, 1975. Z 1005 B68.

Boyle, Leonard E. Medieval Latin Palaeography: A Bibliographical Introduction. Toronto Medieval Bibliographies, 8. Toronto UP in association with the CMS, 1984. Roba, Pims Z 106 B69.

Boysen, Karl, and Eduard Lohmeyer. «Zwei hessische Bibliothekare: Karl Julius Caesar und Johann Georg Albert Duncker.» Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen. 3 (1886) 513-534. Z 671 Z43. Intro by O. Hartwig. For Hegesippus.

Boysen, Carolus [Karl], ed. Flavii Iosephi opera ex versione latina antiqua. CSEL, 37. ... vols. Vienna, 1898. PIMS. History of mss. Is the Verona: Maufer, 1480 edited by Cendrata the princeps for Contra Apionem?

Boysen, Karl. «Die handschriftliche Ueberlieferung der lateinischen Josephus Uebersetzung in der ersten Haelften der Antiquitates judaicae.» In Beiträge zur Bücherkunde und Philologie August Wilmanns zum 25. märz 1903 gewidmet. Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1903. 277-292. WCat 30 + mfm.

Bracciolin. Poggio. Papal secretary. Correspondence edited by Gordan.

Branca, Vittore, ed. Ermolao Barbaro: Epistolae, orationes et carmina. Florence: Bibliopolis, 1947. PA 8463 B76 A6.

Branca, Vittore. «Ermolao Barbaro and Late Quattrocento Venetian Humanism.» In Renaissance Venice. Ed: John Rigby Hale. London: Faber & Faber, 1973. 218-243. DG 678.235 H34. Barbaro edited Mela, and Branca edited Barbaro. «patrician tone and philological triumph» from Barbaro. Pupil of Pomponius Leto. Amazing command of Greek, 224.

Brandis, Carl Georg. «Arrians Periplus Ponti Euxini.» Rheinisches Museum für Philologie. NS 51 (1896) 109-126.

Brandis, Tilo. «Die Handschrift zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzet: Versuch einer Typologie.» Gutenberg-Jahrbuch. 72 (1997) 27-57.

Brassinne, Joseph. L'imprimerie à Liège jusqu'à la fin de l'Ancien Régime. Brussels: Musée du Livre, 1929. B2 Bb B, Karl.

Braund, Susanna H., tr. Lucan: Civil War. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992. PA 6479 E5 B73 1992. Free verse translation based on Housman and Shackleton Bailey. «Do this if, when I headed for the Caspian Gates and chased // the hardy ever-warring Alani, I ever let you freely // race across the Achaemenid plains and never drove you // trembling into Babylon's safety, O Parthians.» (8:222, page 159). «The man whom the Alan would not have outraged // nor the Scythian nor the Moor who ridicules the wounded stranger» (10:454-455, page 219).

Bright, David F. Elaborate Disarray: The Nature of Statius's Silvae. Meisenheim am Glan: A Hain, 1980. PA 6697 A3 B7.

Briscoe, John. A Commentary on Livy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. PA 6459 B72.

British Museum. Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Century now in the British Museum. Ed: Robert George Collier Proctor, Alfred William Pollard, and Victor Scholderer. Nine parts, organized by region. London: by order of the Trustees, sold at the British Museum, 1908-1962. RBSC duff/f; VUPT Z 240 B85; Pims Z 240 B752 Facsimile. Abbreviated as BMC. Josephus by Mentelin, vol IX from J. Halle Kat. 56 (1925) 378 with facsimile; this copy accessioned in 1475. Josephus by Platina BM 1500 IV, 62.

British Museum. Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Century now in the British Museum: Index. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1916. RBSC duff/f; VUPT Z 248 B85. Index.

British Museum. Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in France from 1470 to 1600. London: by order of the Trustees, sold at the British Museum, 1924. RBSC, GenR Z 2162 B86.

British Museum. Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in France from 1470 to 1600: Supplement. London: by order of the Trustees, sold at the British Museum, 1986. GenR Z 2162 B86 Suppl.

British Museum. Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in the Netherlands and Belgium and of Dutch and Flemish Books printed in other Countries from 1470 to 1600. London: by order of the Trustees, sold at the British Museum, 1965. RBSC, GenR Z 2402 B75.

Brooks, E. C. «The Translation Techniques of Rufinus of Aquileia (343-411).» Studia patristica. 17,1 (1982) 357-364. BR 41 S8.

Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes? «Brothers de Gregoriis.» Archivio Veneto. 30:172. MICR DG A725. Not reprinted in 1891. Publishers of Josephus.

Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes. The Venetian Printing Press, 1469-1800. London: Nimmo, 1891; reprint Amsterdam: Heusden, 1969. Z 156 V4 B8. «the Brothers de Gregoriis of Forli» (32) -- but nothing useful. «Scotto ... employed such distinguished workmen as Simon de Luere, Bonetto Locatello, and Alberto Rossi. After his death his heirs continued the business, trading under the name of Haeredes Scotti» (33). Is Alberto Rossi = Albertus Vercellensis.

Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes. Studies in the History of Venice. 2 vols. London: Murray, 1907. DG 676 B89. Article on printing. Biblio of Brown?

Bruère, Richard Treat. «Note on Lucan Bellum civilis i.15.» Classical Philology. 44 (1949) 244-250. PA 1 C66. Points of the compass, see Getty. Ezras de Clerq van Jever.

Bruère, Richard Treat. «The Scope of Lucan's Historical Epic.» Classical Philology. 45 (1950) 217-235.

Bruère, Richard Treat. «Lucan's Cornelia.» Classical Philology. 46 (1951) 221-236.

Bruère, Richard Treat. «Palaeopharsalus, Pharsalus, Pharsalia.» Classical Philology. 46 (1951) 111-115.

Bruère, Richard Treat. «Lucan and Petrarch's Africa.» Classical Philology. 56 (1961) 83-99.

Bruère, Richard Treat. «Lucan and Claudian: The Invectives.» Classical Philology. 59 (1964) 223-256. Description of the Huns, 229. Massagetae, 229. Important for name change Massagetae to Alans.

Brunet, Jacques-Charles. Manuel du libraire et de l'amateur de livres. 6 vols, suppl. Paris: Firmin Didot, 1860-1880. VUPT Z 1011 B9 M3; GenR Z 1011 B9 M5; RBSC Ref. Supplement: see Deschamps. «Badius» 1:606-607. «Faber Stapulensis» 2:1145-1146. «Hegesippus» 3:80, notes that only the princeps has commercial value. See Bigmore 1:89. Printer of Basilius. Lucan 1504; 3:1195; Josephus 3:569.

Brunhölzl, Franz. «Zu den sogenannten codices archetypi der römischen Literatur.» In Festschrift Bernhard Bischoff zu seinem 65. Geburtstag dargebracht von Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern. Eds: Johanne Autenrieth and Franz Brunhölzl. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1971. 16-31. PA 2802 F47. Lucan, 27: nothing much new since Hosius.

Brunt, Peter Astbury. «On Historical Fragments and Epitomes.» Classical Quarterly. NS 30 (1980) 477-494. Stylistics. Xiphilinus.

Brunt, Peter Astbury. Arrian. Loeb. 2 vols. London: Heineman, 1983-1989. PA 3935 Aw.

Buchheit. V. «Statius' Geburtstagsgedicht zur Ehren Lucans (Silv 2,7).» Hermes 88 (1960) 231-249.

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. «Some Documents Concerning the Torresani and the Aldine Press.» The Library. 4th series 25 (1944/45) 111-121. Z 671 L69.

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. «The First Edition of Ausonius.» Papers of the Bibliographic Society of America. 41 (1947) 60. Z 1008 B485.

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. «The First Aldine.» Papers of the Bibliographic Society of America. 42 (1948) 269-280. Z 1008 B485. Re: Musarum Panegyris.

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. «Incunabula.» In his Standards of Bibliographical Description. Philadelphia: U of Penn P, 1949. 3-60. Z 1001 B9. «incunabulists have, in general, pursued their own sets of rules and standards and have ignored the dicta of their colleagues in other branches of bibliography» (3f).

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. «Aldus Manutius: The First Five Hundred Years.» Papers of the Bibliographic Society of America. 44 (1950) 203-213; reprinted 1973:149-153. Z 1008 B485.

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. The Fifteenth Century Book: The Scribes, the Printers, the Decorators. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press, 1960. Z 240 B924. General.

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. «Dates in Incunabular Colophons.» Studies in Bibliography. 22 (1969) 210-214. Z 1008 V55. Dates are approximate.

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. «False Information in the Colophons of Incunabula.» Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 114 (1970) 398-406. Gerstein Q 11 P5; online. Perotti and Polybius. «An unusual case is the Josephus published in Verona with date 1480 "octauo kalendas Ianuarii" by Petrus Maufer. At first one would strongly suspect that Maufer should have printed "kalendis," resulting in a date 1 January 1488 -- (page 403) since the eighth calends of January equals December 25. Would a printer, one ask oneself, have issued a book on Christmas Day? The later date, however, is impossible, for the colophon also specifies that the reigning Doge was Giovanni Mocenigo, who had actually died on the fourth of November, 1485» (page 404).

Bühler, Curt Ferdinand. Early Books and Manuscripts: Forty Years of Research. New York: Grolier, 1973. Z 1005 B774.

Bürcklein, August. Quellen und Chronologie des römisch-parthischen Feldzuge in den Jahren 713-718 d St. PhD Leipzig. Berlin: Druck von W Pormetter, 1879. WCat 11 + mfm. Josephus and Dio Cassius.

Bulletin du bibliophile. Roba Z 1007 B93, incomplete.

Bulletin du bibliophile et du bibliothécaire. Roba Z 1007 B92, incomplete.

Bulhart, V. «Textkritische ... zum lateinischen Flavius Josephus.» Mnemosyne ...... 6 (1953) 140-157.

Bunbury, Edward Herbert [Sir]. A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and the Romans. 2 vols. London: Murray, 1883; reprint New York: Dover, 1959. G 84 B95.

Burger, Konrad. Beiträge zur Inkunabelbibliographie. Nummernconcordanz von Panzers lateinischen und deutschen Annalen und Ludwig Hains Repertorium bibliographicum; Supplement zu Hain und Panzer. Leipzig: Hiersemann, 1908. Z 240 H152. Latin, German, Hebrew sections.

Burmann, Petrus [Pieter], ed. Valerius Flaccus, Gaius: [Argonautica]. Leiden, 1724. Important notes.

Burmann, Petrus [Pieter], ed. [Lucanus: Pharsalia.] Leyden, 1740. VUPT & RBSC.

Bushey, Betty C. Die deutschen und niederländischen Handschriften der Stadtbibliothek Trier bs 1600. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996. Z 6621 S66 S95.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea [Johannes Andreas, also Buxis], bishop of Aleria [1417-1475]. Librarian at the Vatican. Edited Lucan, Lactantius, Strabo, Apuleius, Tacitus, and many more. Studies: Charlet, Ludovici Monfasani, Ulery. Important: his conflict with Perotti concerning his edition of Pliny. 54 hits on IISTC.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. [Lucanus: Pharsalia]. Rome: Conradus Sweynheym and Arnoldus Pannartz, 1469. See Lucan.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. [Titus Livius: Ab urbe condita]. Rome: Sweynheym and Pannartz, 1469.

Location: Chantilly. Source: IISTC § il00236000; Delisle Chantilly 1122.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. Plinius: [Historia Naturalis]. Rome: Sweynheym and Pannartz, 1470.

Source: IISTC § ip00787000. General Notes: Dispute with Perotti and Moreto over this edition -- studies: Charlet, Monfasano. Later edited by Vadian.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. [Titus Livius: Ab urbe condita]. Venice: Vindelinus de Spira, 1470.

Location: .... Source: IISTC § il00238000.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. Plinius: [Historia Naturalis]. Venice: Nicolas Jenson, 1472.

Source: IISTC § ip00788000.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. [Lucanus: Pharsalia]. Milan: Philippus de Lavagnia, 24 Feb 1477. Full entry under Lucan.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. [Lucanus: Pharsalia]. Milan: Antonius Zarotus, 25 May 1477. Full entry under Lucan.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. [Titus Livius: Ab urbe condita]. 3 vols in 2. Milan: Lavagnia, 1478. RBSC in/f vol 1-3.

Location: Toronto Fisher. Source: IISTC § il00240000; UTL catalogue.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea, ed. [Titus Livius: Ab urbe condita]. Treviso: Michael Manzolus, 1480.

Location: .... Source: IISTC § il00242000.

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea. Prefazioni alle edizioni di Sweynheym e Pannartz. Ed: Massimo Miglio. Milan: Polifilo, 1978. RBSC duff f. Rev: De Petris.

Butler, Edward Cuthbert. «Cardinal Rampolla's Melania the Younger.» Journal of Theological Studies. 7 (1906) 630-632. VUEM. Review article; claims notes are a mine of info; history of edition.

Caesar, Karl Julius [1816-1886]. Observationes nonnullas de Josepho latino qui Hegesippus vocari solet. With Hegesippus by Weber, qv. Marburg: Elwert, 1878.

Caillau, Armand Benjamin, and Marie-Nicolas-Sylvestre Guillon, eds. S. Ambrosii mediolanensis episcopi operum. Paris, 1838. BR 65 A3 1836.

Camerini, Luigi Silvestro. I Giunti, tipografi editori di Firenze, 1571-1525. Florence: Giunti Barbèro, 1979. RBSC Z 232 G55 C27. See Decia.

Cameron, Richard M. «The Charges of Lutheranism Brought against Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples.» Harvard Theological Review. 63 91970) 119-149. Biblio. «there was a certain justification ...» (148).

Cambier, Guy. «Un manuscrit inconnu des Argonautiques de Valérius Flaccus (Ms Leyde Bibl Univ BLP 560).» Latomus 29 (1970) 913-918.

Campano, Augusto. «The Origin of the Word Humanist.» Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute. 9 (1946) 60-73. AS 122 L8515. Meant high school teacher.

Canart, P. «Scribes grecs de la Renaissance.» Scriptorium 17 (1963) 56-82. Josephus?

Candaux, Jean-Daniel, and Bernard Lescaze. Cinq siècles d'imprimerie genevoise. Actes du colloque, 27-30 april 1978. 2 vols. Geneva: Société d'histoire et d'archéologie, 1980-1981. Z 176 G2 C65.

Carcopino, Jérôme. «A propos du poème de Rutilius Namatianus.» Revue des Etudes latines. 6 (1928) 180-200. Date of text.

Cartault, Augustin. «Sur un passage de la vie de Lucain tirée du commentaire de Vacca.» Revue de philologie. 11 (1887) 14-16. Lucan's other works.

Cary, Ernest, tr. Dio's Roman History. Loeb. 9 vols. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1914-1927. PA 3947 A2. Check for Xiphilinus.

Case, Shirley Jackson. «Josephus' Anticipation of a Domitianic Persecution.» Journal of Biblical Literature. 44 (1925) 10-20. PER VUEM, SMC.

Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius, Senator. PL 70; PG 16:165-228. Text: Barnish; Fridh (CCSL, 96); Jacob and Hanslik (CSEL, 71); Mommsen (MGH AA vol 12); Mynors. Studies: Löwe, O'Donnell, Vyver, Zimmerman.

Cassiodorus. Chronicle of 519. Text: Mommsen.

Cassiodorus. Comm Psalm 14. Translated Josephus, AJ, PL 70:109AB.

Cassiodorus. Institutiones. Ed: Mynors. Translated Josephus, AJ, 1133c. 1,17,1, page 55 of Mynors «quam translationem alii Hieronymo, alii Ambrosio, alii deputant Rufino». Studies: Schreckenberg 1972:58-61. When was the BJ finally attributed to Rufinus, and by whom, and on what grounds?

Cassiodorus. Variae. Also titled Letters. Ed: Fridh, Mommsen. Tr: Barnish, DG 506 C3613; Hodgkin, DG 506 C32 A413. Text transmission?

Cassius Dio. Roman History. Date important for the Alans, before AD 220, after 197. «A second war was begun by the Alani (they are Massagetae) at the instigation of Pharasmanes [king of Georgia]. It caused dire injury to the Albanian territory and Media, and then involved Armenia and Cappadocia; after which, as the Alani were not only persuaded by gifts from Vologaesus but also stood in dread of Flavius Arrianus, the governor of Cappadocia, it came to a stop» (Cary's tr 69,15,1). Arrian and the Alans. Pompey and the Albani, 37,3-4. Domitian and the Alans, 66,15.

Cavajoni, Giuseppe A. «Gli scholia inediti a Lucano di un codice della Biblioteca civica di Bergamo.» Istituto lombardo. 102 (1968) 189-204. AS 222 L615.

Cavajoni, Giuseppe A. «Scholia inediti a Lucano del codex Bernensis Litt 45 Saec X.» Acme (Milan). 28 (1975) 79-114. AS 221 A35, Downsview?

Cavajoni, Giuseppe A. «Glosse antico alto tedesche in Lucano (dai codici Monacensis 14505 e Berolinensis Fol 35).» Scripta philologa (University of Milan). 1 (1977) 105-116. PA 9 S37.

Cavajoni, Giuseppe A. Supplementum adnotationum super Lucanum. 3 vols. Testi e documenti, 63. Milan: Cisalpino Goliardica, 1979-1984-1990. PA 6480 C37. Based on Endt. Vol 3 (Amsterdam: Hakkert) holds books 8-10 but UTL does not have it; check who does.

Cendrata, Ludovicus [of Verona], ed. Flavius Josephus: [De bello judaico, Antiquitates Judaicae, Contra Apionem]. Tr: Rufinus Aquileiensis. Verona: Maufer Gallicus, 1480. Full entry under Josephus, including material on Cendrata.

Chamonard, Joseph, tr. Antiquités judaïques, XI-XV. Vol 3 of Oeuvres complètes de Flavius Josèphe, traduites en français. General editor: Théodore Reinach. Paris: Leroux, 1904. DS 116 J674.

Chantraine, Pierre, ed. Arrien: L'Inde. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1952. Roba PA 3935 A5.

Chapot, Victor. La Frontière de l'Euphrate, de Pompée à la conquête arabe. BEFAR 99. Paris: Fontemoing, 1907; reprint Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 1967. DS 75 C53. Covers centuries, but without chronological order.

Chapot, Victor. «Arrien et le Periplus Ponti Euxeni.» Revue des Etudes grecques. 34 (1921) 129-154.

Charlet, Jean-Louis. «Claudien dans le Cornu copiae de Niccolò Perotti: citations inédites?» Res publica litterarum: Studies in the Classical Tradition. 12 (1989) 17-26. PN 2 R44. Massagetae.

Charlet, Jean-Louis. «La lettre de N. Perotti à Francesco Guarniero.» Studi umanistici piceni. 19 (1999) 38-46. DG 445 S7; we have only vols 1-2 but they contain articles about Perotti. Pliny, Bussi.

Charlet, Jean-Louis, ed, tr. Claudien: Oeuvres ‑‑ Poèmes politiques (395-398). Volume 2, part 1. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2000. PA 6373 F7. «Il est significatif qu'Eutrope ait choisi pour Arcadius une jeune fille élevée dans la maison du général Promotus, ami de Stilicon et ennemie de Rufin [...] L'échec de Rufin sur un point aussi important prove qu'il se heurtait à une forte opposition à Constantinople, donnée politique que masque Claudien» (xii). Contre Rufin 2,2:49-122, plus end notes. Huns 2271 (page 105). «Avec le hardi Massagète qui blesse son coursier pour s'abreuver // L'Alain qui boit au Palus-Méotide de ses pères // Et le Gélon qui aime à tatouer son corps avec le fer» (with notes, for Latin, see under Claudian).

Charlet, Jean-Louis, ed, tr. Claudien: Oeuvres ‑‑ Poèmes politiques (395-398). Volume 2, part 2. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2000. PA 6373 F7.

Charlet, Jean-Louis. «Niccolò Perotti et les débuts de l'imprimerie romaine.» Studi umanistici piceni. 21 (2001) 69-80. DG 445 S7.

Charlet, Jean-Louis. Deux pièces de la controverse humaniste sur Pline: N. Perotti «Lettre à Guarnier», . Vitelli, «Lettre à Partenio di Salò». Edition critique et commentaire. Sassoferrato: Istituto di studi piceni, 2003. PA 6614 A2 D48. Bussi, Perotti.

Chatelain, Emile. Paléographie des classiques latins: Collection de facsimilés. 2 vols. Paris: Hachette, 1884-1892. Pims Z 114 C49 mfm.

Chatelain, Emile. Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque de l'Université. Paris: Champion, 1892. Pims Z 6621 P28 C46.

Chatelain, Emile. Introduction à la lecture des notes tironiennes. 2 vols. Paris, 1900; reprint New York: B. Franklin, 1963-1964. Z 81 C5 1900a. Added title: Les notes tironiennes.

Chatelain, Emile. Uncialis scriptura codicum Latinorum novis exemplis illustrata. 2 vols. Paris: Welter, 1901-1902. WCat 30 + mfm.

Chatelain, Emile. «Un manuscrit de Solin révélé par les notes tironiennes.» Revue de philologie. 26 (1902) 38-43. Contra Mommsen.

Chatelain, Emile. «Catalogue des incunables de la Bibliothèque de l'Université de Paris.» Revue des Bibliothèques. 12 (1902) 121-272. Offprint: Paris: Bouillon, 1905. Pims Z 240 U5875 1905 Suppl.

Chatelain, Emile. «Catalogue des incunables de la Bibliothèque de l'Université de Paris: Supplément.» Revue des Bibliothèques. 15 (1905) 5-26; 224-245. Offprint: Paris: Bouillon, 1905. Pims Z 240 U5875 1905 Suppl.

Chatelain, Emile. «Catalogue des reproductions de manuscrits qui se trouvent à la bibliothèque de l'Université de Paris.» Revue des Bibliothèques. 19 (1909) 385-432. Z 671 R45. Tiré à part Paris: Champion, 1910; WCat.

Chatelain, Emile, FS. «.» In Mélanges offerts à M. Emile Chatelain. Paris: Champion, 1910. 232-242. P 26 C43 M45. Biblio?

Chatelain, Emile, FS. Mélanges offerts à M. Emile Chatelain: membre de l'Institut, directeur-Adjoint à l'Ecole pratique des hautes études, conservateur de la bibliothèque de l'Université de Paris par ses élèves et ses amis, 15 avril 1910. Paris: Champion, 1910. P 26 C43 M45.

Chatillon, François. «Sur une des épitaphes de l'imprimeur alsacien Mentelin.» Revue du Moyen Age latin. 25/34 (1978) 64-68. Pims PER; Roba PA 2801 R4. Inscription in German; now lost.

Chilver, Guy Edward Farquhar. A Historical Commentary on Tacitus' «Histories» I and II. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979. DG 286 C5. Fall of Nero.

Chomarat, Jacques. Grammaire et rhétorique chez Erasme. 2 vols. Paris: Belles-Lettres, 1981. PA 8518 C 485.

Christ, Wilhelm von. Metrik der Griechen und Römer. Leipzig: Teubner, 1874; reprint Hildesheim: Geistenberg, 1972. PA 185 C5.

Christie, Richard C. «The Chronology of the Early Aldines.» Bibliographica. 1 (1895) 193-222. Massey BIB B582.18 folio.

Chrysostom. Four homilies on IV Macch. PG 50:617-628; 63:523-550.

Clark, Albert Curtis. «The Literary Discoveries of Poggio.» Classical Review. 13 (1899) 119-130. Valerius Flaccus.

Clark, Albert Curtis. The Descent of Manuscripts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1918; reprint 1970. PA 47 C45 Roba, Pims. Anything to explain Alani vs Albani in Lucan?

Clark, Albert Curtis. «The Reappearance of the Texts of the Classics.» The Library. 4th series 2 (1922) 13-42. Z 671 L69. Pre incunabula. Tacitus, 20, 33, 34.

Clark, Elizabeth A., tr. The Life of Melania the Younger. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1984. BR 1720 M37 G413. Biblio. Gerontius.

Clark, Peter D. Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues. London: British Library, 2003.

Claudian [Claudius Claudianus]. Text: Barr, Birt (MGH AA 10), Cameron, Charlet, Crépin, Dewar, Fargues, Hall, Koch, Platnauer. Nissard/Delatour PA 6169 A58. Studies: Haywood. Invectives, studies: Döpp, Opelt.

Claudian. In Rufinum. «Est genus extremos Scythiae vergentis in ortus // Trans gelidum Tanain, quo non animosus ullum // Arctos alit» (In Rufinum liber primus verses 323-324). 1:323-331 for Huns, very important, mention of the Don and the Arctic, taken from Ammianus, see Cameron 1968 for emendations. Written in the fall of 395, concerning crisis caused by Hun invasion of Eastern Provinces. Mentions private soldiers, bodyguard, 2:76. Rufinus and the Huns: i,308, 309; ii,9; 501; ii,2701; ii,28-36. «... audax // Massagetes caesamque bibens Maeotin Alanus // membraque qui ferro gaudet pinxisse Gelonus» (In Rufinum 1:311-313).

Claudin, Anatole. Histoire de l'imprimerie en France au XVe et au XVIe siècle. 4 vols. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1900-1914; reprint Nendeln: Kraus, 1971. RBSC duff ff, Rare Book Collection (oversize, only first three vols). 1915 = index. Maufer. «Nicolas Desprez» 2:354-360. Fr Regnault 2:543-546. Jean Petit, 2:532-539. «Jean Petit, qui était riche et avait de puissants moyens d'action, faisait travailler en même temps plusieurs imprimeurs» (2:534). «grand nombre de livres ... sans date» (2:536). Josephus by Mentelin, page 202, which vol?

Clementz, Heinrich, tr. Des Flavius Josephus kleinere Schriften. Berlin: Hendel, 1901; reprint Wiesbaden: Fourier, 1993. PA 4223 A2 53. Contains Vita, Contra Apionem, IV Macch.

Clementz, Heinrich, tr. Des Flavius Josephus kleinere Schriften. Berlin: Hendel, 1901; reprint Wiesbaden: Marix Verlag, 2005. DS 116 J85.

de Clerq van Jever, Ezras. Specimen selectarum observationum in M. Annaei Lucani Pharsaliam... 2 vols. Leiden: Carolus Delfos, 1767-1772. WorldCat 3. Reprinted in Weber. Not considered impressive.

Coates, Alan, ed, et al. A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century Now in the Bodleian Library. 6 vols. Oxford: UP, 2005. RBSC, Pims Z 240 A1 B73. Update of Sheppard. Some contributors: Kristian Jensen, Cristina Dondi, and Bettina Wagner. Josephus?

Cobet, Carl Gabriel. «Flavius Josephus.» Mnemosyne NS 4 (1876) 59. Brief notes on BJ books 2 and 4.

Coleman-Norton, Paul Robinson. «St. Chrysostom's Use of Josephus.» Classical Philology. 26 (1931) 85-89. Daniel's vision, 87.

Colin, Georges. «Josephus = Mentelin.» In Le cinquième centenaire de l'imprimerie dans les anciens Pays bas. Brussels: Bibliothèque royale, 1973. 182ff. With facsimile. Pims Z 8 B45 C56.

Colish, Marcia L. The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. I: Stoicism in Classical Latin Literature. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1985. B 528 C59. Biblio. 252-275, Lucan.

Collard, Christopher. «Jeremiah Markland, 1693-1776.» Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society. 202 / NS 22 (1976) 1-15. P 11 C2. Biblio, conjectures.

Collart, Paul. «Les Papyrus littéraires latins.» Revue de philologie. 15 (1941) 113. Fifth century item, found at Autun.

Collections Canada. «Incunabula hebraica & judaica, collected by Jacob M. Lowy.» Library and Archives Canada. Online Jan 15, 2008. The Lowy collection is on the second floor of the National Library of Canada, open to researchers week-days, 9:00-5:00. 395 Wellington Street, Ottawa ON K1A 0N4, business hours. Several Josephus.

Collignon, Albert. «Remarques sur deux passages de la Pharsale de Lucain.» In Mélanges Boissier. 1903. 121-125. Lucan and Nero.

Collomp, Paul. La critique des textes. Publications de la Faculté des Lettres de l'Université de Strasbourg, 6. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1931. PA 47 C6. «La recherche des sources et la critique d'authenticité ont pour but, étant donné la fréquence des apocryphes et des démarquages, de nous faire savoir, quand nous lisons un texte, quel est notre véritable interlocuteur.» (2f).

Constans, Léonard Albert. «La préhistoire du texte de Tacite.» Mémoires de l'Académie des inscriptions. 13 (1927) 507-520. AS 162 P22.

Constans, Léonard Albert. «La préhistoire du texte de Tacite.» Comptes-rendus de l'Académie des inscriptions. 1927:36-38. AS 162 P135.

Conway, Robert Seymour. «Bibliography.» Studi Etruschi. 8 (1934) 479. DG 223 A1 S8.

Conway, Robert Seymour, and Charles Flamstead Walters, eds. Titi Livi ab urbe condita. 1914; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960-1965. PA 6452 A2. Livy.

Cooper, W. Durrant. «Thomas May, the Author of the Supplement to Lucan.» Notes and Queries. 1,3/76 (April 12, 1851) 280. Roba AG 305 N7; VUPT PER. See Price, L., J. H.

Copinger, Walter Arthur. Supplement to Hain's Repertorium Bibliographicum. London, 1895; Milan: Görlich, 1950. GenR Z 240 H15; Pims, VUPT, VUCR Z 240 H15 S. Josephus by Mentelin, Part I, §9449.

Corpus inscriptionum latinarum. 54 vols in-folio. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1863-1943. CN 520 C6, oversize. Organized geographically. Vol VI: Rome.

CIL VI, 1725 and Rutilius, see Roda.

Corsten, Severin. Die Anfänge des Kölner Buchdrucks. Cologne: Greven, 1955. Z 148 C68 C6. Hornken?

Corsten, Severin. «Mentelin, Johannes.» In Lexikon des Mittelalters. 9 vols. Munich: Artemis Verlag, 1977. Pims, GenR D 114 L679. Josephus 6:530.

Cortius, Gottlieb, ed. Lucan: Pharsalia. Full entry under Kortte.

Cosenza, Mario Emilio. Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Italian Humanists and of the World of Classical Scholarship in Italy, 1300-1800. 6 vols. Boston: Hall, 1962-1967. Z 7016 C67. Bussi, Cendrata, Antonius Moretus, Platina.

Cosenza, Mario Emilio. Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Italian Printers and of Foreign Printers in Italy from the Introduction of the Art of Printing Into Italy to 1800. Boston: Hall, 1968. GenR Z155 C6. Check: Alberto Rossi and/or Alberto Vercellensis; Joannes Antonius de Gardino (of Brescia).

Coster, Charles Henry. «Christianity and the Invasions: Two Sketches.» Classical Journal. 54 (1958/59) 146-159. PA 1 C65. Paulinus of Nola, Rutilius. Orosius on Stilico, 154.

Coulson, Frank Thomas. «New Evidence for the Circulation of the Text of Valerius Flaccus.» Classical Philology. 81 (1986) 58-60. Writes on mss, see incuna.bib.

Coulson, Frank Thomas. «The Citing of Manuscript Shelfmarks.» Classical World. 82 (1988) 31-34. PA 1 C8. Biblio. Citation must be clearly readable for librarians to ensure correct retrieval. Recommends: Location, library, fonds, shelfmark. Sample: FIRENZE, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Fondo S. Marco 223.

Courbaud, Edmond. Les procédés d'art de Tacite dans les «Histoires». Paris: Hachette, 1918. PA 6705 H9 C68.

Courcelle, Pierre. Opuscula selecta. Paris: Etudes augustiniennes, 1984. BR 165 C72. Biblio.

Courtney, E. P. Papini Stati Silvae. Oxford: Clarendon. 1990/1992. PA 6697 A3 1992x.

Cowley, John Duncan. Bibliographical Description and Cataloguing. London: Grafton, 1939. Z 1001 C87. Text-book. The aim is «to reproduce so much of the title, as printed in the book, as will serve as evidence for the separation of editions and the establishment of the form in which the work was published for the first time and on subsequent occasions» (49).

Coyecque, Ernest. «Josse Bade et les traducteurs de Claude de Seyssel.» Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes. 55 (1894) 509-514. Seyssel translated ancient historians (Thucydides, etc.)

Coyecque, Ernest. Inventaire de la collection Anisson sur l'histoire de l'imprimerie et la librairie principalement à Paris. 2 vols. Paris: Leroux, 1900; reprint New York: B Franklin, 1964. Roba Z P383 mfm.

Creed, John Martin. «The Slavonic Version of Josephus' History of the Jewish War.» Harvard Theological Review. 25 (1932) 277-319. BR 1 H47 Apex. Alans 292ff.

Crinito, Pietro [1465-1504]. Ed: Argonautica, Sallust, Horace, etc.

Cumberland, Richard [1732-1811], ed. Pharsalia. With notes by Hugo Grotius and Richard Bentley. Strawberry Hill, 1760. RBSC E-10/834. Lucan.

Cumont, Franz. Studia Pontica. 3 vols. Brussels: Lamertn, 1903-1910. SMC DS 156 P8 S7 1903a mfm. Articles, failed perodical.

Cumont, Franz. «Le gouvernement de Cappadoce sous les Flaviens.» Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique: Classe des lettres. 1905:197-227. AS 242 B312. Military administration, study based on inscriptions.

Cumont, Franz. «Inscriptions latines des armées de l'Euphrate.» Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique: Classe des lettres. 1907:551-578. AS 242 B312.

Cumont, Franz. Etudes syriennes. Paris: Picard, 1917. DS 94.5 85. Julian the Apostate, etc.

Cumont, Franz. «L'annexion du Pont polémiaque et de la petite Arménie.» In Anatolian Studies Presented to Sir William Mitchell Ramsay. Ed: Edward Stanley Gotch. Manchester, ....... 1923. 109-119. Roba, VUEM DS 155 A56.